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Pandas 入門
2022-07-11 17:40 更新
本節(jié)是幫助 Pandas 新手快速上手的簡介。實例里介紹了更多實用案例。
本節(jié)以下列方式導(dǎo)入 Pandas 與 NumPy：
import pandas as pd
import numpy as np生成對象
詳見數(shù)據(jù)結(jié)構(gòu)簡介文檔。
用值列表生成 Series 時，Pandas 默認(rèn)自動生成整數(shù)索引：
import pandas as pd
import numpy as np
s = pd.Series([1, 3, 5, np.nan, 6, 8])
print(s)運(yùn)行結(jié)果為：
0 1.0
1 3.0
2 5.0
3 NaN
4 6.0
5 8.0
dtype: float64
用含日期時間索引與標(biāo)簽的 NumPy 數(shù)組生成 DataFrame：
生成日期索引
import pandas as pd
import numpy as np
dates = pd.date_range('20130101', periods=6)
print(dates)運(yùn)行結(jié)果為：
DatetimeIndex(['2013-01-01', '2013-01-02', '2013-01-03', '2013-01-04',
'2013-01-05', '2013-01-06'],
dtype='datetime64[ns]', freq='D')生成DateFrame（合并之前的代碼）：
import pandas as pd
import numpy as np
dates = pd.date_range('20130101', periods=6)
df = pd.DataFrame(np.random.randn(6, 4), index=dates, columns=list('ABCD'))
print(df)運(yùn)行結(jié)果為：
A B C D
2013-01-01 0.469112 -0.282863 -1.509059 -1.135632
2013-01-02 1.212112 -0.173215 0.119209 -1.044236
2013-01-03 -0.861849 -2.104569 -0.494929 1.071804
2013-01-04 0.721555 -0.706771 -1.039575 0.271860
2013-01-05 -0.424972 0.567020 0.276232 -1.087401
2013-01-06 -0.673690 0.113648 -1.478427 0.524988
用 Series 字典對象生成 DataFrame:
import pandas as pd
import numpy as np
df2 = pd.DataFrame({'A': 1.,
'B': pd.Timestamp('20130102'),
'C': pd.Series(1, index=list(range(4)), dtype='float32'),
'D': np.array([3] * 4, dtype='int32'),
'E': pd.Categorical(["test", "train", "test", "train"]),
'F': 'foo'})
print(df2)運(yùn)行結(jié)果為：
A B C D E F
0 1.0 2013-01-02 1.0 3 test foo
1 1.0 2013-01-02 1.0 3 train foo
2 1.0 2013-01-02 1.0 3 test foo
3 1.0 2013-01-02 1.0 3 train foo
DataFrame 的列有不同數(shù)據(jù)類型(合并上面的代碼)。
import pandas as pd
import numpy as np
df2 = pd.DataFrame({'A': 1.,
'B': pd.Timestamp('20130102'),
'C': pd.Series(1, index=list(range(4)), dtype='float32'),
'D': np.array([3] * 4, dtype='int32'),
'E': pd.Categorical(["test", "train", "test", "train"]),
'F': 'foo'})
print(df2.dtypes)運(yùn)行結(jié)果為：
A float64
B datetime64[ns]
C float32
D int32
E category
F object
dtype: object
IPython支持 tab 鍵自動補(bǔ)全列名與公共屬性。下面是部分可自動補(bǔ)全的屬性：
In [12]: df2.<TAB> # noqa: E225, E999
df2.A df2.bool
df2.abs df2.boxplot
df2.add df2.C
df2.add_prefix df2.clip
df2.add_suffix df2.clip_lower
df2.align df2.clip_upper
df2.all df2.columns
df2.any df2.combine
df2.append df2.combine_first
df2.apply df2.compound
df2.applymap df2.consolidate
df2.D
列 A、B、C、D 和 E 都可以自動補(bǔ)全；為簡潔起見，此處只顯示了部分屬性。
注：該文檔原來使用ipython進(jìn)行代碼演示，現(xiàn)在改用腳本代碼的方式進(jìn)行演示(使用腳本代碼的方式代碼具有獨立性，閱讀起來不會有割裂感，而且也可以支持在線運(yùn)行)，自動補(bǔ)全只有在ipython中可以使用！
查看數(shù)據(jù)
詳見基礎(chǔ)用法文檔。
下列代碼說明如何查看 DataFrame 頭部和尾部數(shù)據(jù)：
查看頭部數(shù)據(jù)（查看前兩行數(shù)據(jù)）：
import pandas as pd
import numpy as np
dates = pd.date_range('20130101', periods=6)
df = pd.DataFrame(np.random.randn(6, 4), index=dates, columns=list('ABCD'))
print(df.head(2))運(yùn)行結(jié)果為：
A B C D
2013-01-01 0.469112 -0.282863 -1.509059 -1.135632
2013-01-02 1.212112 -0.173215 0.119209 -1.044236
查看尾部數(shù)據(jù)（查看后3行數(shù)據(jù)）：
import pandas as pd
import numpy as np
dates = pd.date_range('20130101', periods=6)
df = pd.DataFrame(np.random.randn(6, 4), index=dates, columns=list('ABCD'))
print(df.tail(3))運(yùn)行結(jié)果為：
A B C D
2013-01-04 0.721555 -0.706771 -1.039575 0.271860
2013-01-05 -0.424972 0.567020 0.276232 -1.087401
2013-01-06 -0.673690 0.113648 -1.478427 0.524988顯示索引：
import pandas as pd
import numpy as np
dates = pd.date_range('20130101', periods=6)
df = pd.DataFrame(np.random.randn(6, 4), index=dates, columns=list('ABCD'))
print(df.index)運(yùn)行結(jié)果為：
DatetimeIndex(['2013-01-01', '2013-01-02', '2013-01-03', '2013-01-04',
'2013-01-05', '2013-01-06'],
dtype='datetime64[ns]', freq='D')顯示列名：
import pandas as pd
import numpy as np
dates = pd.date_range('20130101', periods=6)
df = pd.DataFrame(np.random.randn(6, 4), index=dates, columns=list('ABCD'))
print(df.columns)運(yùn)行結(jié)果為：
Index(['A', 'B', 'C', 'D'], dtype='object')轉(zhuǎn)化為numpy：
DataFrame.to_numpy() 輸出底層數(shù)據(jù)的 NumPy 對象。注意，DataFrame 的列由多種數(shù)據(jù)類型組成時，該操作耗費系統(tǒng)資源較大，這也是 Pandas 和 NumPy 的本質(zhì)區(qū)別：NumPy 數(shù)組只有一種數(shù)據(jù)類型，DataFrame 每列的數(shù)據(jù)類型各不相同。調(diào)用 DataFrame.to_numpy() 時，Pandas 查找支持 DataFrame 里所有數(shù)據(jù)類型的 NumPy 數(shù)據(jù)類型。還有一種數(shù)據(jù)類型是 object，可以把 DataFrame 列里的值強(qiáng)制轉(zhuǎn)換為 Python 對象。
下面的 df 這個 DataFrame 里的值都是浮點數(shù)，DataFrame.to_numpy() 的操作會很快，而且不復(fù)制數(shù)據(jù)。
import pandas as pd
import numpy as np
dates = pd.date_range('20130101', periods=6)
df = pd.DataFrame(np.random.randn(6, 4), index=dates, columns=list('ABCD'))
print(df.to_numpy())
運(yùn)行結(jié)果為（注：以下為在ipython上運(yùn)行的結(jié)果）：
array([[ 0.4691, -0.2829, -1.5091, -1.1356],
[ 1.2121, -0.1732, 0.1192, -1.0442],
[-0.8618, -2.1046, -0.4949, 1.0718],
[ 0.7216, -0.7068, -1.0396, 0.2719],
[-0.425 , 0.567 , 0.2762, -1.0874],
[-0.6737, 0.1136, -1.4784, 0.525 ]])或者（以腳本方式運(yùn)行的結(jié)果）：
[[ 1.17950358 1.07648371 1.0907332 0.43931627]
[ 2.82487752 0.08569744 -0.20893534 -0.02972905]
[-0.05072889 -0.73818362 0.08713344 -0.5812452 ]
[ 0.76087911 0.24189661 -2.42025232 -2.12365649]
[-0.64641826 -1.98160199 0.13356636 0.30862119]
[-0.81843144 -0.10398064 -0.42641259 2.65598663]]df2 這個 DataFrame 包含了多種類型，DataFrame.to_numpy() 操作就會耗費較多資源。
import pandas as pd
import numpy as np
df2 = pd.DataFrame({'A': 1.,
'B': pd.Timestamp('20130102'),
'C': pd.Series(1, index=list(range(4)), dtype='float32'),
'D': np.array([3] * 4, dtype='int32'),
'E': pd.Categorical(["test", "train", "test", "train"]),
'F': 'foo'})
print(df2.to_numpy())運(yùn)行結(jié)果為（注：以下為在ipython上運(yùn)行的結(jié)果）：
array([[1.0, Timestamp('2013-01-02 00:00:00'), 1.0, 3, 'test', 'foo'],
[1.0, Timestamp('2013-01-02 00:00:00'), 1.0, 3, 'train', 'foo'],
[1.0, Timestamp('2013-01-02 00:00:00'), 1.0, 3, 'test', 'foo'],
[1.0, Timestamp('2013-01-02 00:00:00'), 1.0, 3, 'train', 'foo']], dtype=object)或者（以腳本方式運(yùn)行的結(jié)果）：
[[1.0 Timestamp('2013-01-02 00:00:00') 1.0 3 'test' 'foo']
[1.0 Timestamp('2013-01-02 00:00:00') 1.0 3 'train' 'foo']
[1.0 Timestamp('2013-01-02 00:00:00') 1.0 3 'test' 'foo']
[1.0 Timestamp('2013-01-02 00:00:00') 1.0 3 'train' 'foo']]提醒
DataFrame.to_numpy() 的輸出不包含行索引和列標(biāo)簽。
數(shù)據(jù)統(tǒng)計摘要
describe() 可以快速查看數(shù)據(jù)的統(tǒng)計摘要：
import pandas as pd
import numpy as np
dates = pd.date_range('20130101', periods=6)
df = pd.DataFrame(np.random.randn(6, 4), index=dates, columns=list('ABCD'))
print(df.describe())運(yùn)行結(jié)果為：
A B C D
count 6.000000 6.000000 6.000000 6.000000
mean 0.073711 -0.431125 -0.687758 -0.233103
std 0.843157 0.922818 0.779887 0.973118
min -0.861849 -2.104569 -1.509059 -1.135632
25% -0.611510 -0.600794 -1.368714 -1.076610
50% 0.022070 -0.228039 -0.767252 -0.386188
75% 0.658444 0.041933 -0.034326 0.461706
max 1.212112 0.567020 0.276232 1.071804
轉(zhuǎn)置數(shù)據(jù)：
import pandas as pd
import numpy as np
dates = pd.date_range('20130101', periods=6)
df = pd.DataFrame(np.random.randn(6, 4), index=dates, columns=list('ABCD'))
print(df.T)運(yùn)行結(jié)果為：
2013-01-01 2013-01-02 2013-01-03 2013-01-04 2013-01-05 2013-01-06
A 0.469112 1.212112 -0.861849 0.721555 -0.424972 -0.673690
B -0.282863 -0.173215 -2.104569 -0.706771 0.567020 0.113648
C -1.509059 0.119209 -0.494929 -1.039575 0.276232 -1.478427
D -1.135632 -1.044236 1.071804 0.271860 -1.087401 0.524988
按軸排序：
import pandas as pd
import numpy as np
dates = pd.date_range('20130101', periods=6)
df = pd.DataFrame(np.random.randn(6, 4), index=dates, columns=list('ABCD'))
print(df.sort_index(axis=1,ascending=False))運(yùn)行結(jié)果為：
D C B A
2013-01-01 -1.135632 -1.509059 -0.282863 0.469112
2013-01-02 -1.044236 0.119209 -0.173215 1.212112
2013-01-03 1.071804 -0.494929 -2.104569 -0.861849
2013-01-04 0.271860 -1.039575 -0.706771 0.721555
2013-01-05 -1.087401 0.276232 0.567020 -0.424972
2013-01-06 0.524988 -1.478427 0.113648 -0.673690
按值排序：
import pandas as pd
import numpy as np
dates = pd.date_range('20130101', periods=6)
df = pd.DataFrame(np.random.randn(6, 4), index=dates, columns=list('ABCD'))
print(df.sort_values(by='B'))運(yùn)行結(jié)果為
A B C D
2013-01-03 -0.861849 -2.104569 -0.494929 1.071804
2013-01-04 0.721555 -0.706771 -1.039575 0.271860
2013-01-01 0.469112 -0.282863 -1.509059 -1.135632
2013-01-02 1.212112 -0.173215 0.119209 -1.044236
2013-01-06 -0.673690 0.113648 -1.478427 0.524988
2013-01-05 -0.424972 0.567020 0.276232 -1.087401
選擇
提醒
選擇、設(shè)置標(biāo)準(zhǔn) Python / Numpy 的表達(dá)式已經(jīng)非常直觀，交互也很方便，但對于生產(chǎn)代碼，我們還是推薦優(yōu)化過的 Pandas 數(shù)據(jù)訪問方法：.at、.iat、.loc 和 .iloc。
詳見索引與選擇數(shù)據(jù)、多層索引與高級索引文檔。
獲取數(shù)據(jù)
選擇單列，產(chǎn)生 Series，與 df.A 等效：
import pandas as pd
import numpy as np
dates = pd.date_range('20130101', periods=6)
df = pd.DataFrame(np.random.randn(6, 4), index=dates, columns=list('ABCD'))
print(df['A'])運(yùn)行結(jié)果為：
2013-01-01 0.469112
2013-01-02 1.212112
2013-01-03 -0.861849
2013-01-04 0.721555
2013-01-05 -0.424972
2013-01-06 -0.673690
Freq: D, Name: A, dtype: float64
用 [ ] 切片行：
import pandas as pd
import numpy as np
dates = pd.date_range('20130101', periods=6)
df = pd.DataFrame(np.random.randn(6, 4), index=dates, columns=list('ABCD'))
print(df[0:3])
print(df['20130102':'20130104'])運(yùn)行結(jié)果為：
A B C D
2013-01-01 0.469112 -0.282863 -1.509059 -1.135632
2013-01-02 1.212112 -0.173215 0.119209 -1.044236
2013-01-03 -0.861849 -2.104569 -0.494929 1.071804
A B C D
2013-01-02 1.212112 -0.173215 0.119209 -1.044236
2013-01-03 -0.861849 -2.104569 -0.494929 1.071804
2013-01-04 0.721555 -0.706771 -1.039575 0.271860
按標(biāo)簽選擇
詳見按標(biāo)簽選擇。
用標(biāo)簽提取一行數(shù)據(jù)：
import pandas as pd
import numpy as np
dates = pd.date_range('20130101', periods=6)
df = pd.DataFrame(np.random.randn(6, 4), index=dates, columns=list('ABCD'))
print(df.loc[dates[0]])運(yùn)行結(jié)果為：
A 0.469112
B -0.282863
C -1.509059
D -1.135632
Name: 2013-01-01 00:00:00, dtype: float64
用標(biāo)簽選擇多列數(shù)據(jù)：
import pandas as pd
import numpy as np
dates = pd.date_range('20130101', periods=6)
df = pd.DataFrame(np.random.randn(6, 4), index=dates, columns=list('ABCD'))
print(df.loc[:, ['A', 'B']])運(yùn)行結(jié)果為：
A B
2013-01-01 0.469112 -0.282863
2013-01-02 1.212112 -0.173215
2013-01-03 -0.861849 -2.104569
2013-01-04 0.721555 -0.706771
2013-01-05 -0.424972 0.567020
2013-01-06 -0.673690 0.113648
用標(biāo)簽切片，包含行與列結(jié)束點：
import pandas as pd
import numpy as np
dates = pd.date_range('20130101', periods=6)
df = pd.DataFrame(np.random.randn(6, 4), index=dates, columns=list('ABCD'))
print(df.loc['20130102':'20130104', ['A', 'B']])運(yùn)行結(jié)果為：
A B
2013-01-02 1.212112 -0.173215
2013-01-03 -0.861849 -2.104569
2013-01-04 0.721555 -0.706771
返回對象降維：
import pandas as pd
import numpy as np
dates = pd.date_range('20130101', periods=6)
df = pd.DataFrame(np.random.randn(6, 4), index=dates, columns=list('ABCD'))
print(df.loc['20130102', ['A', 'B']])運(yùn)行結(jié)果為：
A 1.212112
B -0.173215
Name: 2013-01-02 00:00:00, dtype: float64
提取標(biāo)量值：
import pandas as pd
import numpy as np
dates = pd.date_range('20130101', periods=6)
df = pd.DataFrame(np.random.randn(6, 4), index=dates, columns=list('ABCD'))
print(df.loc[dates[0], 'A'])運(yùn)行結(jié)果為：
0.46911229990718628快速訪問標(biāo)量：
與上述方法等效：
import pandas as pd
import numpy as np
dates = pd.date_range('20130101', periods=6)
df = pd.DataFrame(np.random.randn(6, 4), index=dates, columns=list('ABCD'))
print(df.at[dates[0], 'A'])運(yùn)行結(jié)果為：
0.46911229990718628
按位置選擇
詳見按位置選擇。
用整數(shù)位置選擇：
import pandas as pd
import numpy as np
dates = pd.date_range('20130101', periods=6)
df = pd.DataFrame(np.random.randn(6, 4), index=dates, columns=list('ABCD'))
print(df.iloc[3])運(yùn)行結(jié)果為：
A 0.721555
B -0.706771
C -1.039575
D 0.271860
Name: 2013-01-04 00:00:00, dtype: float64
用整數(shù)切片：
類似 NumPy / Python：
import pandas as pd
import numpy as np
dates = pd.date_range('20130101', periods=6)
df = pd.DataFrame(np.random.randn(6, 4), index=dates, columns=list('ABCD'))
print(df.iloc[3:5, 0:2])運(yùn)行結(jié)果為：
A B
2013-01-04 0.721555 -0.706771
2013-01-05 -0.424972 0.567020
用整數(shù)列表按位置切片：
類似 NumPy / Python：
import pandas as pd
import numpy as np
dates = pd.date_range('20130101', periods=6)
df = pd.DataFrame(np.random.randn(6, 4), index=dates, columns=list('ABCD'))
print(df.iloc[[1, 2, 4], [0, 2]])運(yùn)行結(jié)果為：
A C
2013-01-02 1.212112 0.119209
2013-01-03 -0.861849 -0.494929
2013-01-05 -0.424972 0.276232
顯式整行切片：
import pandas as pd
import numpy as np
dates = pd.date_range('20130101', periods=6)
df = pd.DataFrame(np.random.randn(6, 4), index=dates, columns=list('ABCD'))
print(df.iloc[1:3, :])運(yùn)行結(jié)果為：
A B C D
2013-01-02 1.212112 -0.173215 0.119209 -1.044236
2013-01-03 -0.861849 -2.104569 -0.494929 1.071804
顯式整列切片：
import pandas as pd
import numpy as np
dates = pd.date_range('20130101', periods=6)
df = pd.DataFrame(np.random.randn(6, 4), index=dates, columns=list('ABCD'))
print(df.iloc[:, 1:3])運(yùn)行結(jié)果為：
B C
2013-01-01 -0.282863 -1.509059
2013-01-02 -0.173215 0.119209
2013-01-03 -2.104569 -0.494929
2013-01-04 -0.706771 -1.039575
2013-01-05 0.567020 0.276232
2013-01-06 0.113648 -1.478427
顯式提取值：
import pandas as pd
import numpy as np
dates = pd.date_range('20130101', periods=6)
df = pd.DataFrame(np.random.randn(6, 4), index=dates, columns=list('ABCD'))
print(df.iloc[1, 1])運(yùn)行結(jié)果為：
-0.17321464905330858
快速訪問標(biāo)量
與上述方法等效：
import pandas as pd
import numpy as np
dates = pd.date_range('20130101', periods=6)
df = pd.DataFrame(np.random.randn(6, 4), index=dates, columns=list('ABCD'))
print(df.iat[1, 1])運(yùn)行結(jié)果為：
-0.17321464905330858
布爾索引
用單列的值選擇數(shù)據(jù)：
import pandas as pd
import numpy as np
dates = pd.date_range('20130101', periods=6)
df = pd.DataFrame(np.random.randn(6, 4), index=dates, columns=list('ABCD'))
print(df[df.A > 0])運(yùn)行結(jié)果為：
A B C D
2013-01-01 0.469112 -0.282863 -1.509059 -1.135632
2013-01-02 1.212112 -0.173215 0.119209 -1.044236
2013-01-04 0.721555 -0.706771 -1.039575 0.271860
選擇 DataFrame 里滿足條件的值：
import pandas as pd
import numpy as np
dates = pd.date_range('20130101', periods=6)
df = pd.DataFrame(np.random.randn(6, 4), index=dates, columns=list('ABCD'))
print( df[df > 0])運(yùn)行結(jié)果為：
A B C D
2013-01-01 0.469112 NaN NaN NaN
2013-01-02 1.212112 NaN 0.119209 NaN
2013-01-03 NaN NaN NaN 1.071804
2013-01-04 0.721555 NaN NaN 0.271860
2013-01-05 NaN 0.567020 0.276232 NaN
2013-01-06 NaN 0.113648 NaN 0.524988
用 isin() 篩選：
import pandas as pd
import numpy as np
dates = pd.date_range('20130101', periods=6)
df = pd.DataFrame(np.random.randn(6, 4), index=dates, columns=list('ABCD'))
df2 = df.copy()
df2['E'] = ['one', 'one', 'two', 'three', 'four', 'three']
print(df2)
print(df2[df2['E'].isin(['two', 'four'])])運(yùn)行結(jié)果為：
A B C D E
2013-01-01 0.469112 -0.282863 -1.509059 -1.135632 one
2013-01-02 1.212112 -0.173215 0.119209 -1.044236 one
2013-01-03 -0.861849 -2.104569 -0.494929 1.071804 two
2013-01-04 0.721555 -0.706771 -1.039575 0.271860 three
2013-01-05 -0.424972 0.567020 0.276232 -1.087401 four
2013-01-06 -0.673690 0.113648 -1.478427 0.524988 three
A B C D E
2013-01-03 -0.861849 -2.104569 -0.494929 1.071804 two
2013-01-05 -0.424972 0.567020 0.276232 -1.087401 four
賦值
用索引自動對齊新增列的數(shù)據(jù)：
import pandas as pd
import numpy as np
s1 = pd.Series([1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6], index=pd.date_range('20130102', periods=6))
print(s1)運(yùn)行結(jié)果為：
2013-01-02 1
2013-01-03 2
2013-01-04 3
2013-01-05 4
2013-01-06 5
2013-01-07 6
Freq: D, dtype: int64
按標(biāo)簽賦值：
import pandas as pd
import numpy as np
dates = pd.date_range('20130101', periods=6)
df = pd.DataFrame(np.random.randn(6, 4), index=dates, columns=list('ABCD'))
s1 = pd.Series([1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6], index=pd.date_range('20130102', periods=6))
df['F'] = s1
df.at[dates[0], 'A'] = 0
print(df)運(yùn)行結(jié)果為：
A B C D F
2013-01-01 0.000000 -0.121940 1.568178 -2.788042 NaN
2013-01-02 -2.360071 0.955603 0.058807 -0.560047 1.0
2013-01-03 -0.080842 0.626076 -0.048324 -1.592623 2.0
2013-01-04 -1.228537 0.408305 -0.059127 -0.778611 3.0
2013-01-05 -0.970315 0.949627 -0.208144 -3.236355 4.0
2013-01-06 -0.860047 -0.479799 -1.116794 1.389026 5.0
按位置賦值：
import pandas as pd
import numpy as np
dates = pd.date_range('20130101', periods=6)
df = pd.DataFrame(np.random.randn(6, 4), index=dates, columns=list('ABCD'))
s1 = pd.Series([1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6], index=pd.date_range('20130102', periods=6))
df['F'] = s1
df.iat[0, 1] = 0
print(df)運(yùn)行結(jié)果為：
A B C D F
2013-01-01 0.679111 0.000000 -0.529838 -0.202033 NaN
2013-01-02 0.590005 0.115629 0.599518 1.245789 1.0
2013-01-03 -1.871847 -0.943911 0.607627 0.515913 2.0
2013-01-04 0.224993 3.264550 0.432042 -2.442963 3.0
2013-01-05 1.031416 -0.055176 -2.223319 1.583854 4.0
2013-01-06 0.043047 -0.111260 0.154334 -0.993464 5.0
按 NumPy 數(shù)組賦值：
import pandas as pd
import numpy as np
dates = pd.date_range('20130101', periods=6)
df = pd.DataFrame(np.random.randn(6, 4), index=dates, columns=list('ABCD'))
s1 = pd.Series([1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6], index=pd.date_range('20130102', periods=6))
df['F'] = s1
df.loc[:, 'D'] = np.array([5] * len(df))
print(df)運(yùn)行結(jié)果為：
A B C D F
2013-01-01 0.000000 0.000000 -1.509059 5 NaN
2013-01-02 1.212112 -0.173215 0.119209 5 1.0
2013-01-03 -0.861849 -2.104569 -0.494929 5 2.0
2013-01-04 0.721555 -0.706771 -1.039575 5 3.0
2013-01-05 -0.424972 0.567020 0.276232 5 4.0
2013-01-06 -0.673690 0.113648 -1.478427 5 5.0
用 where 條件賦值：
import pandas as pd
import numpy as np
dates = pd.date_range('20130101', periods=6)
df = pd.DataFrame(np.random.randn(6, 4), index=dates, columns=list('ABCD'))
s1 = pd.Series([1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6], index=pd.date_range('20130102', periods=6))
df['F'] = s1
df2 = df.copy()
df2[df2 > 0] = -df2
print(df2)運(yùn)行結(jié)果為：
A B C D F
2013-01-01 0.000000 0.000000 -1.509059 -5 NaN
2013-01-02 -1.212112 -0.173215 -0.119209 -5 -1.0
2013-01-03 -0.861849 -2.104569 -0.494929 -5 -2.0
2013-01-04 -0.721555 -0.706771 -1.039575 -5 -3.0
2013-01-05 -0.424972 -0.567020 -0.276232 -5 -4.0
2013-01-06 -0.673690 -0.113648 -1.478427 -5 -5.0
缺失值
Pandas 主要用 np.nan 表示缺失數(shù)據(jù)。 計算時，默認(rèn)不包含空值。詳見缺失數(shù)據(jù)。
重建索引（reindex）可以更改、添加、刪除指定軸的索引，并返回數(shù)據(jù)副本，即不更改原數(shù)據(jù)。
import pandas as pd
import numpy as np
dates = pd.date_range('20130101', periods=6)
df = pd.DataFrame(np.random.randn(6, 4), index=dates, columns=list('ABCD'))
s1 = pd.Series([1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6], index=pd.date_range('20130102', periods=6))
df['F'] = s1
df1 = df.reindex(index=dates[0:4], columns=list(df.columns) + ['E'])
df1.loc[dates[0]:dates[1], 'E'] = 1
print(df1)運(yùn)行結(jié)果為：
A B C D F E
2013-01-01 0.000000 0.000000 -1.509059 5 NaN 1.0
2013-01-02 1.212112 -0.173215 0.119209 5 1.0 1.0
2013-01-03 -0.861849 -2.104569 -0.494929 5 2.0 NaN
2013-01-04 0.721555 -0.706771 -1.039575 5 3.0 NaN
刪除所有含缺失值的行：
import pandas as pd
import numpy as np
dates = pd.date_range('20130101', periods=6)
df = pd.DataFrame(np.random.randn(6, 4), index=dates, columns=list('ABCD'))
s1 = pd.Series([1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6], index=pd.date_range('20130102', periods=6))
df['F'] = s1
df1 = df.reindex(index=dates[0:4], columns=list(df.columns) + ['E'])
df1.loc[dates[0]:dates[1], 'E'] = 1
print(df1.dropna(how='any'))運(yùn)行結(jié)果為：
A B C D F E
2013-01-02 1.212112 -0.173215 0.119209 5 1.0 1.0
填充缺失值：
import pandas as pd
import numpy as np
dates = pd.date_range('20130101', periods=6)
df = pd.DataFrame(np.random.randn(6, 4), index=dates, columns=list('ABCD'))
s1 = pd.Series([1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6], index=pd.date_range('20130102', periods=6))
df['F'] = s1
df1 = df.reindex(index=dates[0:4], columns=list(df.columns) + ['E'])
df1.loc[dates[0]:dates[1], 'E'] = 1
print(df1.fillna(value=5))運(yùn)行結(jié)果為：
A B C D F E
2013-01-01 0.000000 0.000000 -1.509059 5 5.0 1.0
2013-01-02 1.212112 -0.173215 0.119209 5 1.0 1.0
2013-01-03 -0.861849 -2.104569 -0.494929 5 2.0 5.0
2013-01-04 0.721555 -0.706771 -1.039575 5 3.0 5.0
提取 nan 值的布爾掩碼：
import pandas as pd
import numpy as np
dates = pd.date_range('20130101', periods=6)
df = pd.DataFrame(np.random.randn(6, 4), index=dates, columns=list('ABCD'))
s1 = pd.Series([1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6], index=pd.date_range('20130102', periods=6))
df['F'] = s1
df1 = df.reindex(index=dates[0:4], columns=list(df.columns) + ['E'])
df1.loc[dates[0]:dates[1], 'E'] = 1
print(pd.isna(df1))運(yùn)行結(jié)果為：
A B C D F E
2013-01-01 False False False False True False
2013-01-02 False False False False False False
2013-01-03 False False False False False True
2013-01-04 False False False False False True
運(yùn)算
詳見二進(jìn)制操作。
統(tǒng)計
一般情況下，運(yùn)算時排除缺失值。
描述性統(tǒng)計：
import pandas as pd
import numpy as np
dates = pd.date_range('20130101', periods=6)
df = pd.DataFrame(np.random.randn(6, 4), index=dates, columns=list('ABCD'))
s1 = pd.Series([1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6], index=pd.date_range('20130102', periods=6))
df['F'] = s1
print(df.mean())運(yùn)行結(jié)果為：
A -0.004474
B -0.383981
C -0.687758
D 5.000000
F 3.000000
dtype: float64
在另一個軸(即，行)上執(zhí)行同樣的操作：
import pandas as pd
import numpy as np
dates = pd.date_range('20130101', periods=6)
df = pd.DataFrame(np.random.randn(6, 4), index=dates, columns=list('ABCD'))
s1 = pd.Series([1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6], index=pd.date_range('20130102', periods=6))
df['F'] = s1
print(df.mean(1))運(yùn)行結(jié)果為：
2013-01-01 0.872735
2013-01-02 1.431621
2013-01-03 0.707731
2013-01-04 1.395042
2013-01-05 1.883656
2013-01-06 1.592306
Freq: D, dtype: float64
不同維度對象運(yùn)算時，要先對齊。 此外，Pandas 自動沿指定維度廣播。
import pandas as pd
import numpy as np
dates = pd.date_range('20130101', periods=6)
df = pd.DataFrame(np.random.randn(6, 4), index=dates, columns=list('ABCD'))
#df2 = df.copy()
#df2['E'] = ['one', 'one', 'two', 'three', 'four', 'three']
s1 = pd.Series([1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6], index=pd.date_range('20130102', periods=6))
df['F'] = s1
s = pd.Series([1, 3, 5, np.nan, 6, 8], index=dates).shift(2)
print(s)
print(df.sub(s, axis='index'))運(yùn)行結(jié)果如下：
2013-01-01 NaN
2013-01-02 NaN
2013-01-03 1.0
2013-01-04 3.0
2013-01-05 5.0
2013-01-06 NaN
Freq: D, dtype: float64
A B C D F
2013-01-01 NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN
2013-01-02 NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN
2013-01-03 -1.861849 -3.104569 -1.494929 4.0 1.0
2013-01-04 -2.278445 -3.706771 -4.039575 2.0 0.0
2013-01-05 -5.424972 -4.432980 -4.723768 0.0 -1.0
2013-01-06 NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN
Apply 函數(shù)
Apply 函數(shù)處理數(shù)據(jù)：
In [66]: df.apply(np.cumsum)
Out[66]:
A B C D F
2013-01-01 0.000000 0.000000 -1.509059 5 NaN
2013-01-02 1.212112 -0.173215 -1.389850 10 1.0
2013-01-03 0.350263 -2.277784 -1.884779 15 3.0
2013-01-04 1.071818 -2.984555 -2.924354 20 6.0
2013-01-05 0.646846 -2.417535 -2.648122 25 10.0
2013-01-06 -0.026844 -2.303886 -4.126549 30 15.0
In [67]: df.apply(lambda x: x.max() - x.min())
Out[67]:
A 2.073961
B 2.671590
C 1.785291
D 0.000000
F 4.000000
dtype: float64
直方圖
詳見直方圖與離散化。
In [68]: s = pd.Series(np.random.randint(0, 7, size=10))
In [69]: s
Out[69]:
0 4
1 2
2 1
3 2
4 6
5 4
6 4
7 6
8 4
9 4
dtype: int64
In [70]: s.value_counts()
Out[70]:
4 5
6 2
2 2
1 1
dtype: int64
字符串方法
Series 的 str 屬性包含一組字符串處理功能，如下列代碼所示。注意，str 的模式匹配默認(rèn)使用正則表達(dá)式。詳見矢量字符串方法。
In [71]: s = pd.Series(['A', 'B', 'C', 'Aaba', 'Baca', np.nan, 'CABA', 'dog', 'cat'])
In [72]: s.str.lower()
Out[72]:
0 a
1 b
2 c
3 aaba
4 baca
5 NaN
6 caba
7 dog
8 cat
dtype: object
合并（Merge）
結(jié)合（Concat）
Pandas 提供了多種將 Series、DataFrame 對象組合在一起的功能，用索引與關(guān)聯(lián)代數(shù)功能的多種設(shè)置邏輯可執(zhí)行連接（join）與合并（merge）操作。
詳見合并。
concat() 用于連接 Pandas 對象：
In [73]: df = pd.DataFrame(np.random.randn(10, 4))
In [74]: df
Out[74]:
0 1 2 3
0 -0.548702 1.467327 -1.015962 -0.483075
1 1.637550 -1.217659 -0.291519 -1.745505
2 -0.263952 0.991460 -0.919069 0.266046
3 -0.709661 1.669052 1.037882 -1.705775
4 -0.919854 -0.042379 1.247642 -0.009920
5 0.290213 0.495767 0.362949 1.548106
6 -1.131345 -0.089329 0.337863 -0.945867
7 -0.932132 1.956030 0.017587 -0.016692
8 -0.575247 0.254161 -1.143704 0.215897
9 1.193555 -0.077118 -0.408530 -0.862495
# 分解為多組
In [75]: pieces = [df[:3], df[3:7], df[7:]]
In [76]: pd.concat(pieces)
Out[76]:
0 1 2 3
0 -0.548702 1.467327 -1.015962 -0.483075
1 1.637550 -1.217659 -0.291519 -1.745505
2 -0.263952 0.991460 -0.919069 0.266046
3 -0.709661 1.669052 1.037882 -1.705775
4 -0.919854 -0.042379 1.247642 -0.009920
5 0.290213 0.495767 0.362949 1.548106
6 -1.131345 -0.089329 0.337863 -0.945867
7 -0.932132 1.956030 0.017587 -0.016692
8 -0.575247 0.254161 -1.143704 0.215897
9 1.193555 -0.077118 -0.408530 -0.862495
連接（join）
SQL 風(fēng)格的合并。 詳見數(shù)據(jù)庫風(fēng)格連接。
In [77]: left = pd.DataFrame({'key': ['foo', 'foo'], 'lval': [1, 2]})
In [78]: right = pd.DataFrame({'key': ['foo', 'foo'], 'rval': [4, 5]})
In [79]: left
Out[79]:
key lval
0 foo 1
1 foo 2
In [80]: right
Out[80]:
key rval
0 foo 4
1 foo 5
In [81]: pd.merge(left, right, on='key')
Out[81]:
key lval rval
0 foo 1 4
1 foo 1 5
2 foo 2 4
3 foo 2 5
這里還有一個例子：
In [82]: left = pd.DataFrame({'key': ['foo', 'bar'], 'lval': [1, 2]})
In [83]: right = pd.DataFrame({'key': ['foo', 'bar'], 'rval': [4, 5]})
In [84]: left
Out[84]:
key lval
0 foo 1
1 bar 2
In [85]: right
Out[85]:
key rval
0 foo 4
1 bar 5
In [86]: pd.merge(left, right, on='key')
Out[86]:
key lval rval
0 foo 1 4
1 bar 2 5
追加（Append）
為 DataFrame 追加行。詳見追加文檔。
In [87]: df = pd.DataFrame(np.random.randn(8, 4), columns=['A', 'B', 'C', 'D'])
In [88]: df
Out[88]:
A B C D
0 1.346061 1.511763 1.627081 -0.990582
1 -0.441652 1.211526 0.268520 0.024580
2 -1.577585 0.396823 -0.105381 -0.532532
3 1.453749 1.208843 -0.080952 -0.264610
4 -0.727965 -0.589346 0.339969 -0.693205
5 -0.339355 0.593616 0.884345 1.591431
6 0.141809 0.220390 0.435589 0.192451
7 -0.096701 0.803351 1.715071 -0.708758
In [89]: s = df.iloc[3]
In [90]: df.append(s, ignore_index=True)
Out[90]:
A B C D
0 1.346061 1.511763 1.627081 -0.990582
1 -0.441652 1.211526 0.268520 0.024580
2 -1.577585 0.396823 -0.105381 -0.532532
3 1.453749 1.208843 -0.080952 -0.264610
4 -0.727965 -0.589346 0.339969 -0.693205
5 -0.339355 0.593616 0.884345 1.591431
6 0.141809 0.220390 0.435589 0.192451
7 -0.096701 0.803351 1.715071 -0.708758
8 1.453749 1.208843 -0.080952 -0.264610
分組（Grouping）
“group by” 指的是涵蓋下列一項或多項步驟的處理流程：
- 分割：按條件把數(shù)據(jù)分割成多組；
- 應(yīng)用：為每組單獨應(yīng)用函數(shù)；
- 組合：將處理結(jié)果組合成一個數(shù)據(jù)結(jié)構(gòu)。
詳見分組。
In [91]: df = pd.DataFrame({'A': ['foo', 'bar', 'foo', 'bar',
....: 'foo', 'bar', 'foo', 'foo'],
....: 'B': ['one', 'one', 'two', 'three',
....: 'two', 'two', 'one', 'three'],
....: 'C': np.random.randn(8),
....: 'D': np.random.randn(8)})
....:
In [92]: df
Out[92]:
A B C D
0 foo one -1.202872 -0.055224
1 bar one -1.814470 2.395985
2 foo two 1.018601 1.552825
3 bar three -0.595447 0.166599
4 foo two 1.395433 0.047609
5 bar two -0.392670 -0.136473
6 foo one 0.007207 -0.561757
7 foo three 1.928123 -1.623033
先分組，再用 sum()函數(shù)計算每組的匯總數(shù)據(jù)：
In [93]: df.groupby('A').sum()
Out[93]:
C D
A
bar -2.802588 2.42611
foo 3.146492 -0.63958
多列分組后，生成多層索引，也可以應(yīng)用 sum 函數(shù)：
In [94]: df.groupby(['A', 'B']).sum()
Out[94]:
C D
A B
bar one -1.814470 2.395985
three -0.595447 0.166599
two -0.392670 -0.136473
foo one -1.195665 -0.616981
three 1.928123 -1.623033
two 2.414034 1.600434
重塑（Reshaping）
詳見多層索引與重塑。
堆疊（Stack）
In [95]: tuples = list(zip(*[['bar', 'bar', 'baz', 'baz',
....: 'foo', 'foo', 'qux', 'qux'],
....: ['one', 'two', 'one', 'two',
....: 'one', 'two', 'one', 'two']]))
....:
In [96]: index = pd.MultiIndex.from_tuples(tuples, names=['first', 'second'])
In [97]: df = pd.DataFrame(np.random.randn(8, 2), index=index, columns=['A', 'B'])
In [98]: df2 = df[:4]
In [99]: df2
Out[99]:
A B
first second
bar one 0.029399 -0.542108
two 0.282696 -0.087302
baz one -1.575170 1.771208
two 0.816482 1.100230
stack()方法把 DataFrame 列壓縮至一層：
In [100]: stacked = df2.stack()
In [101]: stacked
Out[101]:
first second
B -0.542108
two A 0.282696
B -0.087302
baz one A -1.575170
B 1.771208
two A 0.816482
B 1.100230
dtype: float64
壓縮后的 DataFrame 或 Series 具有多層索引， stack() 的逆操作是 unstack()，默認(rèn)為拆疊最后一層：
In [102]: stacked.unstack()
Out[102]:
A B
first second
bar one 0.029399 -0.542108
two 0.282696 -0.087302
baz one -1.575170 1.771208
two 0.816482 1.100230
In [103]: stacked.unstack(1)
Out[103]:
second one two
first
bar A 0.029399 0.282696
B -0.542108 -0.087302
baz A -1.575170 0.816482
B 1.771208 1.100230
In [104]: stacked.unstack(0)
Out[104]:
first bar baz
second
one A 0.029399 -1.575170
B -0.542108 1.771208
two A 0.282696 0.816482
B -0.087302 1.100230
數(shù)據(jù)透視表（Pivot Tables）
詳見數(shù)據(jù)透視表。
In [105]: df = pd.DataFrame({'A': ['one', 'one', 'two', 'three'] * 3,
.....: 'B': ['A', 'B', 'C'] * 4,
.....: 'C': ['foo', 'foo', 'foo', 'bar', 'bar', 'bar'] * 2,
.....: 'D': np.random.randn(12),
.....: 'E': np.random.randn(12)})
.....:
In [106]: df
Out[106]:
A B C D E
0 one A foo 1.418757 -0.179666
1 one B foo -1.879024 1.291836
2 two C foo 0.536826 -0.009614
3 three A bar 1.006160 0.392149
4 one B bar -0.029716 0.264599
5 one C bar -1.146178 -0.057409
6 two A foo 0.100900 -1.425638
7 three B foo -1.035018 1.024098
8 one C foo 0.314665 -0.106062
9 one A bar -0.773723 1.824375
10 two B bar -1.170653 0.595974
11 three C bar 0.648740 1.167115
用上述數(shù)據(jù)生成數(shù)據(jù)透視表非常簡單：
In [107]: pd.pivot_table(df, values='D', index=['A', 'B'], columns=['C'])
Out[107]:
C bar foo
A B
one A -0.773723 1.418757
B -0.029716 -1.879024
C -1.146178 0.314665
three A 1.006160 NaN
B NaN -1.035018
C 0.648740 NaN
two A NaN 0.100900
B -1.170653 NaN
C NaN 0.536826
時間序列(TimeSeries)
Pandas 為頻率轉(zhuǎn)換時重采樣提供了雖然簡單易用，但強(qiáng)大高效的功能，如，將秒級的數(shù)據(jù)轉(zhuǎn)換為 5 分鐘為頻率的數(shù)據(jù)。這種操作常見于財務(wù)應(yīng)用程序，但又不僅限于此。詳見時間序列。
In [108]: rng = pd.date_range('1/1/2012', periods=100, freq='S')
In [109]: ts = pd.Series(np.random.randint(0, 500, len(rng)), index=rng)
In [110]: ts.resample('5Min').sum()
Out[110]:
2012-01-01 25083
Freq: 5T, dtype: int64
時區(qū)表示：
In [111]: rng = pd.date_range('3/6/2012 00:00', periods=5, freq='D')
In [112]: ts = pd.Series(np.random.randn(len(rng)), rng)
In [113]: ts
Out[113]:
2012-03-06 0.464000
2012-03-07 0.227371
2012-03-08 -0.496922
2012-03-09 0.306389
2012-03-10 -2.290613
Freq: D, dtype: float64
In [114]: ts_utc = ts.tz_localize('UTC')
In [115]: ts_utc
Out[115]:
2012-03-06 00:00:00+00:00 0.464000
2012-03-07 00:00:00+00:00 0.227371
2012-03-08 00:00:00+00:00 -0.496922
2012-03-09 00:00:00+00:00 0.306389
2012-03-10 00:00:00+00:00 -2.290613
Freq: D, dtype: float64
轉(zhuǎn)換成其它時區(qū)：
In [116]: ts_utc.tz_convert('US/Eastern')
Out[116]:
2012-03-05 19:00:00-05:00 0.464000
2012-03-06 19:00:00-05:00 0.227371
2012-03-07 19:00:00-05:00 -0.496922
2012-03-08 19:00:00-05:00 0.306389
2012-03-09 19:00:00-05:00 -2.290613
Freq: D, dtype: float64
轉(zhuǎn)換時間段：
In [117]: rng = pd.date_range('1/1/2012', periods=5, freq='M')
In [118]: ts = pd.Series(np.random.randn(len(rng)), index=rng)
In [119]: ts
Out[119]:
2012-01-31 -1.134623
2012-02-29 -1.561819
2012-03-31 -0.260838
2012-04-30 0.281957
2012-05-31 1.523962
Freq: M, dtype: float64
In [120]: ps = ts.to_period()
In [121]: ps
Out[121]:
2012-01 -1.134623
2012-02 -1.561819
2012-03 -0.260838
2012-04 0.281957
2012-05 1.523962
Freq: M, dtype: float64
In [122]: ps.to_timestamp()
Out[122]:
2012-01-01 -1.134623
2012-02-01 -1.561819
2012-03-01 -0.260838
2012-04-01 0.281957
2012-05-01 1.523962
Freq: MS, dtype: float64
Pandas 函數(shù)可以很方便地轉(zhuǎn)換時間段與時間戳。下例把以 11 月為結(jié)束年份的季度頻率轉(zhuǎn)換為下一季度月末上午 9 點：
In [123]: prng = pd.period_range('1990Q1', '2000Q4', freq='Q-NOV')
In [124]: ts = pd.Series(np.random.randn(len(prng)), prng)
In [125]: ts.index = (prng.asfreq('M', 'e') + 1).asfreq('H', 's') + 9
In [126]: ts.head()
Out[126]:
1990-03-01 09:00 -0.902937
1990-06-01 09:00 0.068159
1990-09-01 09:00 -0.057873
1990-12-01 09:00 -0.368204
1991-03-01 09:00 -1.144073
Freq: H, dtype: float64
類別型（Categoricals）
Pandas 的 DataFrame 里可以包含類別數(shù)據(jù)。完整文檔詳見類別簡介 和 API 文檔。
In [127]: df = pd.DataFrame({"id": [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6],
.....: "raw_grade": ['a', 'b', 'b', 'a', 'a', 'e']})
.....:
將 grade 的原生數(shù)據(jù)轉(zhuǎn)換為類別型數(shù)據(jù)：
In [128]: df["grade"] = df["raw_grade"].astype("category")
In [129]: df["grade"]
Out[129]:
0 a
1 b
2 b
3 a
4 a
5 e
Name: grade, dtype: category
Categories (3, object): [a, b, e]
用有含義的名字重命名不同類型，調(diào)用 Series.cat.categories。
In [130]: df["grade"].cat.categories = ["very good", "good", "very bad"]
重新排序各類別，并添加缺失類，Series.cat 的方法默認(rèn)返回新 Series。
In [131]: df["grade"] = df["grade"].cat.set_categories(["very bad", "bad", "medium",
.....: "good", "very good"])
.....:
In [132]: df["grade"]
Out[132]:
0 very good
1 good
2 good
3 very good
4 very good
5 very bad
Name: grade, dtype: category
Categories (5, object): [very bad, bad, medium, good, very good]
注意，這里是按生成類別時的順序排序，不是按詞匯排序：
In [133]: df.sort_values(by="grade")
Out[133]:
id raw_grade grade
5 6 e very bad
1 2 b good
2 3 b good
0 1 a very good
3 4 a very good
4 5 a very good
按類列分組（groupby）時，即便某類別為空，也會顯示：
In [134]: df.groupby("grade").size()
Out[134]:
grade
very bad 1
bad 0
medium 0
good 2
very good 3
dtype: int64
可視化
詳見可視化文檔。
In [135]: ts = pd.Series(np.random.randn(1000),
.....: index=pd.date_range('1/1/2000', periods=1000))
.....:
In [136]: ts = ts.cumsum()
In [137]: ts.plot()
Out[137]: <matplotlib.axes._subplots.AxesSubplot at 0x7f2b5771ac88>
DataFrame 的 plot() 方法可以快速繪制所有帶標(biāo)簽的列：
In [138]: df = pd.DataFrame(np.random.randn(1000, 4), index=ts.index,
.....: columns=['A', 'B', 'C', 'D'])
.....:
In [139]: df = df.cumsum()
In [140]: plt.figure()
Out[140]: <Figure size 640x480 with 0 Axes>
In [141]: df.plot()
Out[141]: <matplotlib.axes._subplots.AxesSubplot at 0x7f2b53a2d7f0>
In [142]: plt.legend(loc='best')
Out[142]: <matplotlib.legend.Legend at 0x7f2b539728d0>
數(shù)據(jù)輸入 / 輸出
CSV
寫入 CSV 文件。
In [143]: df.to_csv('foo.csv')
讀取 CSV 文件數(shù)據(jù)：
In [144]: pd.read_csv('foo.csv')
Out[144]:
Unnamed: 0 A B C D
0 2000-01-01 0.266457 -0.399641 -0.219582 1.186860
1 2000-01-02 -1.170732 -0.345873 1.653061 -0.282953
2 2000-01-03 -1.734933 0.530468 2.060811 -0.515536
3 2000-01-04 -1.555121 1.452620 0.239859 -1.156896
4 2000-01-05 0.578117 0.511371 0.103552 -2.428202
5 2000-01-06 0.478344 0.449933 -0.741620 -1.962409
6 2000-01-07 1.235339 -0.091757 -1.543861 -1.084753
.. ... ... ... ... ...
993 2002-09-20 -10.628548 -9.153563 -7.883146 28.313940
994 2002-09-21 -10.390377 -8.727491 -6.399645 30.914107
995 2002-09-22 -8.985362 -8.485624 -4.669462 31.367740
996 2002-09-23 -9.558560 -8.781216 -4.499815 30.518439
997 2002-09-24 -9.902058 -9.340490 -4.386639 30.105593
998 2002-09-25 -10.216020 -9.480682 -3.933802 29.758560
999 2002-09-26 -11.856774 -10.671012 -3.216025 29.369368
[1000 rows x 5 columns]
HDF5
詳見 HDFStores 文檔。
寫入 HDF5 Store：
In [145]: df.to_hdf('foo.h5', 'df')
讀取 HDF5 Store：
In [146]: pd.read_hdf('foo.h5', 'df')
Out[146]:
A B C D
2000-01-01 0.266457 -0.399641 -0.219582 1.186860
2000-01-02 -1.170732 -0.345873 1.653061 -0.282953
2000-01-03 -1.734933 0.530468 2.060811 -0.515536
2000-01-04 -1.555121 1.452620 0.239859 -1.156896
2000-01-05 0.578117 0.511371 0.103552 -2.428202
2000-01-06 0.478344 0.449933 -0.741620 -1.962409
2000-01-07 1.235339 -0.091757 -1.543861 -1.084753
... ... ... ... ...
2002-09-20 -10.628548 -9.153563 -7.883146 28.313940
2002-09-21 -10.390377 -8.727491 -6.399645 30.914107
2002-09-22 -8.985362 -8.485624 -4.669462 31.367740
2002-09-23 -9.558560 -8.781216 -4.499815 30.518439
2002-09-24 -9.902058 -9.340490 -4.386639 30.105593
2002-09-25 -10.216020 -9.480682 -3.933802 29.758560
2002-09-26 -11.856774 -10.671012 -3.216025 29.369368
[1000 rows x 4 columns]
Excel
詳見 Excel 文檔。
寫入 Excel 文件：
In [147]: df.to_excel('foo.xlsx', sheet_name='Sheet1')
讀取 Excel 文件：
In [148]: pd.read_excel('foo.xlsx', 'Sheet1', index_col=None, na_values=['NA'])
Out[148]:
Unnamed: 0 A B C D
0 2000-01-01 0.266457 -0.399641 -0.219582 1.186860
1 2000-01-02 -1.170732 -0.345873 1.653061 -0.282953
2 2000-01-03 -1.734933 0.530468 2.060811 -0.515536
3 2000-01-04 -1.555121 1.452620 0.239859 -1.156896
4 2000-01-05 0.578117 0.511371 0.103552 -2.428202
5 2000-01-06 0.478344 0.449933 -0.741620 -1.962409
6 2000-01-07 1.235339 -0.091757 -1.543861 -1.084753
.. ... ... ... ... ...
993 2002-09-20 -10.628548 -9.153563 -7.883146 28.313940
994 2002-09-21 -10.390377 -8.727491 -6.399645 30.914107
995 2002-09-22 -8.985362 -8.485624 -4.669462 31.367740
996 2002-09-23 -9.558560 -8.781216 -4.499815 30.518439
997 2002-09-24 -9.902058 -9.340490 -4.386639 30.105593
998 2002-09-25 -10.216020 -9.480682 -3.933802 29.758560
999 2002-09-26 -11.856774 -10.671012 -3.216025 29.369368
[1000 rows x 5 columns]
各種坑（Gotchas）
執(zhí)行某些操作，將觸發(fā)異常，如:
>>> if pd.Series([False, True, False]):
... print("I was true")
Traceback
...
ValueError: The truth value of an array is ambiguous. Use a.empty, a.any() or a.all().
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